Tomb Effigy Of Jaquelin DeFerriere Essays - Architectural Styles

Tomb Effigy of Jaquelin deFerriere The Tomb Effigy of Jaquelin deFerriere (Limestone, North French, late 13th century) is unusual in style for the time and place in which it was created. In the 13th century, Gothic art in France consisted of more three dimensional sculpture and more of a variety in the poses of the figures than in the Romanesque period which preceded it. The Tomb Effigy of Jaquelin deFerriere falls into the transition period between the Romanesque (11th- 12th century) and Gothic time-frames (12th- 15th century), which may contribute to its flat, simple, linear appearance. Its appearance is not exactly Romanesque or Gothic, though it contains features from each period. The Tomb Effigy has the Romanesque features of being flat and rectangular with much empty space. The stiff pose of the figure is also Romanesque in style. The Tomb Effigy also has some Gothic features, such as the strong outline, which makes up each section of the image. This feature is reminiscent of French stained glass from around the same time period. The large, plain rectangular shape of the Tomb Effigy is like the boxy and geometric appearance of architecture from the Romanesque period. Buildings from the Romanesque period were generally plainer than in the Gothic period, with little decoration. They seemed to be sectioned in large rectangular shapes and had a boxy appearance. Saint Etienne, a church built in the Romanesque period in France, shows this geometric rectangular style (fig.2). The style is flat and does not feature many sculptural adornments, if any at all. As in the Tomb Effigy, the blank rectangle is interrupted only by the figure carving of Jaquelin deFerriere. This plain adornment carved into a large rectangle of Limestone is like the style displayed in the facades of Romanesque

The Sea Inside Essays

The Sea Inside Essays The Sea Inside Paper The Sea Inside Paper The Sea Inside The film The Sea Inside shares the heart warming real life story of a man named Ramon Sampedro. At the young age of twenty-six he suffered an accident while diving into shallow waters of the ocean that left him a quadriplegic. Now at the age of fifty-four, Ramon must depend on his family to survive. His older brother Jose, Jose’s wife, Manuela and their son Javi do their best to take care of Ramon and make him feel loved. Although Ramon is extremely grateful to his family and friends for their help all these years, he has come to see his life as aggravating and unsatisfying. He wishes to die with the little dignity he has left in his life. However, Ramon’s family is dead set against the thought of assisted suicide and the laws of their country would incriminate anyone who helped Ramon end his on life. Through his friend Gene who works with a â€Å"Right to Die† organization, Ramon is introduced to Julia; a lawyer he hopes will help him persuade the courts to let him end his own life. Julia is dealing with her own degenerative disease of CADASIL syndrome, and Ramon hopes her condition will make her arguments more persuasive. Ramon finds himself falling in love with Julia, but he still remains convinced that the greatest gift to him would be an end to his life. In the end, the courts did not rule in his favor, but Ramon was able to end his life by drinking potassium cyanide. Many people around the world suffer their whole lives without being able to live life to the fullest due to degenerative diseases or in cases like Ramon, an accident has left them bedridden and in need of constant outside care. Almost all of the people in these cases have at some point contemplated the ideas of assisted suicide or euthanasia. Euthanasia can be described as the act or practice of ending the life of an individual suffering from a terminal illness by lethal injection or medical treatment. Similarly, assisted suicide can be broadly defined as the process in which a physician provides a competent, terminally ill patient with the proper means to elicit fatality, upon the patient’s request. In other words euthanasia is intentionally causing the death of a person to relieve them from suffering or pain and assisted suicide is helping the person kill him or herself. The main difference between euthanasia and assisted suicide is that in assisted suicide the patient is in complete control of the process that leads to death because he or she is the person who performs the act of suicide. The other person simply helps provide the means for carrying out the action. However, in euthanasia the patient is not causing his or her own death. I believe that the film, The Sea Inside, provides us with an example of assisted suicide. Ramon wanted it to be a case of euthanasia, but lost that battle when he took it to the courts. So he was left with no choice but to find the means to end his own life. With the help of his friends, he was able to get a hold of potassium cyanide and by drinking it he was able to take his own life. The argument supporting assisted suicide often begins with the amount of pain and suffering that could be saved from conditions that complement a slow, deteriorating and agonizing prognosis. Although many people support the idea of the patients right to choose their fate, others argue that assisted suicide shamefully degrades the value we put on life. But the question remains, when is it acceptable to support the patients’ wishes and when is it not? In the case of Larry McAfee, I believe that his wishes to end his life should have been granted. McAfee became a quadriplegic at a young age after a horrible motorcycle accident injured his C1 and C2 vertebrae. He lived in his quadriplegic condition for many years before deciding that he didn’t want to live life like this anymore. I believe that McAfee was completely competent enough to make that decision on his own after living in that state for so long and exhausting all the possibilities of living comfortably. In the end, he was granted the permission for assisted suicide, and although he chose not to end his life, I believe that the choice should have always been his to make. However, in cases similar to Dax Cowart I do not think that assisted suicide should be granted. Cowart was a twenty nine year old that suffered third degree burns from a car accident. Immediately after his accident he want to kill himself because he could not bare the pain anymore, but his mother overruled that decision and forced him to fight for his life. Although the recovery process was an unimaginably painful and grueling experience, Cowart fought through it and ended up becoming a lawyer, getting married and living a good life. In the initial moment of pain and suffering I do not think that one is capable or competent enough to make such decisions of ending his or her life. Therefore in cases like Cowarts’, I do not believe one should be granted such wishes, unless they have lived with the condition and have exhausted every possible way of living life to its full potential, like in the case of McAfee. The case of Ramon Sampedro from the film is quite similar to the case of Larry McAfee. Both Ramon and Larry were involved in accidents at a young age that left them bedridden quadriplegics. After living life in such conditions for many years, I believe that Ramon, like Larry, was competent enough to make the decision of whether or not he wanted to take his own life and be free from suffering. Overall, I feel as though there is no good or right answer to the assisted suicide debate because of the subjective nature of the topic. However, I do believe that everyone has a right to freely make choices upon being deemed â€Å"competent†. In cases like Larry Macafee and Ramon Sampedro from the film, the choice should be theirs since they are both clearly competent and have experienced life with their condition for many years. However, in cases such as Dax Cowart, competent decisions cannot be made immediately after such accidents because the person is in such pain that they are not thinking clearly. In the end, I believe the debate on assisted suicide is strictly personal and is dependent on many factors such as each person’s own morals, views on life and personal suffering experiences.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems Coursework

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems - Coursework Example These systems pool information sources from marketing, sales, customer service, sales and accounting databases to create one comprehensive tool. First, is the operation CRM systems, they focus on software applications integrating disconnected data sets in a business. The system has the capability to focus on customers and provide information from multiple databases on a single platform. The business employees can then provide quick service to the customer without need for many software tools to collect customer information. Another type of CRM system is the analytical CRM. It focuses on gleaning the perception of the customer from the available data in a business. These systems can use data mining to look for patterns and trends and can solve customer problems by focusing on widespread problems. Last but not least, we have collaborative CRM systems that move outside the business to include external contacts such as suppliers, vendors and distributors. The system allows businesses bring additional data to their customers’ service. They make the information available to the customers by use of a website or extranet. The main intent is to enable users work interactively with a business to improve service provision (Dyche 2001) OpenData by Socrata is a sample CRM system that is online. From my observation, this CRM maintains clients’ records and activities. For instance, it captures clients’ information from several sources, such as, an entry form, Google maps and discussion boards. It then harmonizes this information and presents it in a tabular form. Additionally OpenData CRM has the functionality of editing that available information and adding more information. In the available classification, OpenData CRM falls under the operational CRM system category. This is because it focuses on applications that integrate disconnected data sets and focus on

Public Nudity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public Nudity - Essay Example This paper’s focal point is to lay the assertion that although it has limited positivity, for the most part nudity bears negativity and therefore, should be illegalized. Public nudity bears more negativity than positivity. Firstly, it inhibits healthy child development. It is entirely unhealthy for children to be exposed to images of nude adults. This is because they are not at a point in their lives where this information should be relayed to them. In every stage of human life, there are certain bits of information that one is meant to acquire: during childhood one comes to terms with language, gestures and interactive techniques. If information is passed at the wrong stage of an individual’s development, it causes misconception and elicits a harmful reaction. Children have very little cognitive development to bear positive results. They cannot assimilate nudity to bear positivity. Rather, the exhibition of this information to them could cause them to have a perverted line of thought. Scholars assert that human beings analyze issues as being either positive or negative. Children, being mentally underdeveloped, cannot fathom the positivity th at comes from the nude human body. This is because they are unaware of concepts such as childbirth. The young human mind, owing to exploration and adventure, assimilates negativity faster than it does positivity (Lunceford, 2012, p.46). As a result of this, their minds ultimately divert to the negative - sexual perversion. Public nudity contributes to pornographic addiction: a factor that inhibits healthy mental progress. It causes one to develop lustful thoughts and to follow this up with indulgence in pornographic material. Public nudity undermines culture and religion. Most sustainable cultures in the world condemn public nudity. The African culture, for instance, one of the most celebrated in the

Progress Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Progress Era - Essay Example The laborers were subjected to unfair payments, most of them were not able to own or even operate businesses, acquire material and properties or even upgrade to better housing standards. Due to the progressive movement ideologies, people were able to identify that the prevailing poor economic conditions of the country were motivated by the high levels of poverty in the country. (George Wanshington university 1999)Since the poverty had stricken various people, the progressives wanted to turnaround the poverty levels so that more people would be able to fend for themselves and that would lead to the progress of the country as a whole. The progressives also expressed issue to do with escalating cases of child labor in the country. The country experiences increased cases of child labor due to the increased industrialization. The poor conditions in the country also contributed in a big way to the increased child labor. (Putman 2000) Most people were not able to adequately fend for their families, thus, minor citizens would be employed in the manufacturing industries to help their parents provide for them. There were various issues concerning the child employment in the country, in a census conducted in 1890, close to one million children who were aged between ten and fifteen years worked in America. In the 1910 census, there were more than 2 million which indicated an increase from the previous census. (Davis 2003)During the time, it was even more serious since children as young as five and six were employed in companies to work for as long as eighteen hours every day. This was sore to the progressives who looked fo rward to a child labor reform which would eventually relieve the country of the high levels of child labor in the country. As seen from the above, it is clear that the progressive reformers were convicted that the

Person-centred Care Essay

Person-centred Care Essay Introduction: Reflective essay on person centred care Modern day Healthcare has increasingly embraced concepts of client-centred practice and empowerment. However, Taylor (2003) posits that existing literature on the subject does not give clear and unambiguous descriptions of the ways by which nurses can empower clients. Nonetheless, nursing practice is inclusive of people from very different backgrounds. In my ward for example, a high proportion of the nurses did not get their initial qualifications and experience in the UK, and my mentor too did not start of as a nurse from the UK. As a result of this, in the absence of well defined guidance for patient empowerment as a practice concept (by regulatory authorities), nurses and other healthcare practitioners will always encounter difficulties in the performance of their duties in recognition of patient empowerment as a concept. The way patient care is manifest in hospitals has evolved over time and now centres around collaborative working with different teams coming together to ensure that client care and outcomes are improved (Hansson et al 2008), (Hewison and Stanton 2003). Working in this way requires that the patient is an inclusive and active partner in his care planning and care delivery. This new way of working has also been emphasised by the government introducing the agenda for patient-centred care and patient empowerment. The Department of Health stipulates that the NHS needs to empower patients more and give them control over their healthcare (DoH 2008) and the World Health Organisation (WHO) also requires that patients are always consulted before any procedure is carried out on them (WHO website). The whole concept of empowering patients may not be new to healthcare practitioners because some healthcare practitioners are known to have spoken about making efforts to carry the clients along in the process of their care delivery (Stewart et al. 2002), but Paterson (2001) claims that some healthcare professionals have also been known to use subtle and covert ways to avoid fully implementing the patient empowerment requirement even at the risk of going against regulation to empower patients. Empowerment has been (in essence) practitioner defined to suit the practitioners. As an example, at the MDT meetings I attended, the patients views were not adequately promoted, and considering the requirements of the patient empowerment agenda, the patient is supposed be in charge of his healthcare. I raised this with my mentor and the ward manager, and recommended that the patient be consulted before, and updated after every meeting that has to do with his care delivery. Acknowledging client empowerment as a way forward and in emphasising the need for this modern way of working, the Prime Minister in a key message in January 2008 said that patients are to be treated as active partners in their care. Brown et al (2006) consider that for care to be client-centred, care delivery must be focused on the client and empower and engage the client to his/her full potential as a partner in his/her care delivery. Whereas the client-centred concept requires that what is best for the patient is done, patient empowerment requires providing clients with adequate information and the knowledge required to make informed decisions and take control of their lives (Kielhofner 2002). The issue of patient empowerment raises an issue about empowering intellectually disabled persons who cannot make suc h decisions on their own. If an adult with intellectual disability does not have complete ability to communicate, their choices can be diminished which in turn can make it particularly difficult to ensure that their opinions are heard (Cameron and Murphy 2002); and even in instances where a nurse is designated the health facilitator for the client, there is no guidance as to how much decision making can be undertaken on his behalf (Martin and Carey 2009). These further complicate issues in nursing management for a qualified nurse and will call on good managerial skills. Modern healthcare practice environment is a highly regulated one with stringent requirements of the healthcare practitioners. The continued drive for improvement in both healthcare delivery service and the patients experience and quality of life (DoH 2005) have led to the promotion of improved integration between healthcare disciplines and agencies, and regulatory requirements to promote the concept of patient empowe rment (DoH 2008), (Corsello and Tinkelman 2008), (Glasby and Parker 2008). Empowerment is a natural phenomenon and is essential to humans. Patient empowerment may be resisted by nurses because of existing nurse-patient relationships (Nyatanga and Dann 2002) and so a deliberate cultural shift needs to be pursued to inculcate nurses with the shift in paradigm. To achieve, the nurse will need additional training, and the clients ought to be carried along in drawing up treatment plans. The more the client is involved in the treatment planning, the more the client appreciates his/her part in the patient empowerment agenda, and the more the satisfaction with the care delivery service. I have used simple courtesies like saying thank you to the client, and realised it brightens their day very much and also makes them much happier and willing to discuss their feelings and opinions with me. The convergence of management and nursing has evolved over the past few decades and management is often cited as the reason for failings, and also as the likely solution (Pollitt 1993) to many of the problems in the NHS. Management was first f ormally defined by Henry Fayol (1949) as the composite function of planning, organizing, coordinating, commanding and controlling activities or events. More recent definitions in management theory look at management from the perspective of empowerment, total quality management, organizational culture etc. (Hewison and Stanton 2003). Leadership and management skills in nursing overlap to a very large extent but whereas leadership skills are needed in the more personal aspects like mentoring and motivation, management skills are needed to meet organizational targets and the management of available resources. Summary With the problems associated with recruitment and retention of nurses in the health sector, and the attendant high turnover of nurses came an additional expectation of nurse-managers to help reverse the trend (even though several of the pioneering nurse-managers had not had formal managerial training) (Contino 2004). Contino (2004) described the managerial skills required of a good nurse manager to include change management, communicating plans, managing the flow of information, managing nursing ROTAs and managing finances (income and expenses). Courtney et al (2002) rate financial management knowledge as one of the top requirements for a nurse manager in order to understand financial forecasts, financial plans, financial ratios and financial performance ratios. A nurse manager needs to be very conversant with current practices and concepts. A good understanding of service improvement and knowledge (and use) of the available developmental resources for nurse improvement like the Lead ership at Point of Care programme (Janes and Mullan 2007) are essential for successful nurse-management. Carney (2009) reported that clients were more likely to be dissatisfied whenever they felt the nurse leader was incompetent. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) requires that the nurse is conversant with and aware of current developments in practice by way of continued professional development after qualifying as a trained nurse. To manage a team well, a nurse will need very good communication skills in addition to the authority to take decisions within the boundaries of his/her responsibility (Cross and Prusak 2002), (Carroll 2005) as and when necessary. A nurse manager should be a good team-player and able to multi-task (Jaynelle and Stichler 2006) and possess very good communication skills that go beyond language and/or grammar, to listening, being assertive and ensuring that the nurses decisions are enforced especially when the nurse speaks on behalf of a client (or helps to amplify the clients voice) (Harris 2003). The nurse manager should ensure that adequate communication links are established between the client and the MDT so that client views are always considered. The nurse manager should patiently try to clearly understand the patient (Lynden 2006) so as to be able to ensure clients views are accommodated in clients care delivery. In situations of acute ailments, clients can present with intellectual disability or a moderated ability to communicate verbally which can make it difficult to understand their opinions or wishes (Cameron and Murphy 2002) for their care process. To be a leader, todays nurse will need to be able to command the respect of other team members. To achieve acceptability nurse managers need to be people with high integrity and people management/motivation skills and be able to work in a collaborative setting (Carroll 2005). Integrity in this perspective is synonymous with honesty (Kouzes and Posner 2002) and several studies have highlighted the importance of honesty fo r nurse management or leadership because people (clients and nurses alike) will want to assure themselves that their leader is worthy of their trust (Kouzes and Posner 2003). During my placements in an adult care unit of a major hospital, from observation and interaction with patients and healthcare staff, my attention was drawn to a plight of some of the patients in my care: I realised that some of the patients were not being allowed to determine the course of their treatment as required by the patient empowerment agenda (DoH 2008) and this was more especial in patients with acute ailments. There was a lack of full management implementation of the Patient empowerment agenda, with particular emphasis on the relevance given to the patients choice (or voice) in the patients care delivery. The quality of care delivery is assessed by its ability to improve patient care through the collaborative team work of healthcare professionals and how patient-focused the care delivery is. For the purposes of this work, I shall refer to a renal patient in my care during my placement as Mr. B (not real name). All references to him or a hospital do not identify either. When Mr. B was †¦ and was refusing to be compliant, I approached him and had a talk with him. I discovered that his lack of compliance was in protest of the fact that he was not aware he was being put on †¦ reinforcing the position of Corsello and Tinkelman (2008) that clients will respond better to care that encourages their participation and is considerate of their specific needs. To ensure that this did not happ en again, I brought the patients complaint to the attention of my mentor and ensured that the multi-disciplinary team was made aware by adequately documenting my findings and observations. I regularly sought advice and guidance from my mentor because mentoring and role-modeling are active ways of knowledge transfer in large organizations (Carney 2009) and improves the care delivery service. Service improvement remains a core requirement for the Knowledge and Skills Framework for a registered nurse (DoH 2004) and requires an all-party embracing culture of seeking continuous improvement (Janes and Mullan 2007) where honest and periodic performance appraisals are evident. Service improvement in the NHS has been an issue of high importance and has necessitated the establishment of groups that are charged with charting out improvements within the NHS like the NHS Improvement (NHS Improvement Programme 2008). Practicing nurses are encouraged to keep abreast with developments from such groups. A new service improvement concept of patient-safety is gaining popularity in healthcare although regulatory definition is not yet specific (Feng et al 2008). Flin and Yule (2003) claim patients can be injured through the actions of healthcare staff, and Feng et al (2008) insist that a blame and shame culture inhibits learning from mistakes and can exacerbate incidences of mistakes. To this end (in the UK) an Expert group was established that recommended that the culture around error reporting shifted towards finding the cause of the error rather than the culprit (DoH 2000). Nurses are often under pressure from shortage of nursing staff, and a change in the nursing environment can improve patient safety and outcomes (Lin and Liang 2007). During my placements, I observed that Mr. B was often in bed for prolonged periods between nursing visits. I appraised the risk of the situation and ranked his needs by priority. He looked like he was beginning to get sore from immobility, so I delegated his need for exercise to the physiotherapist in the MDT, and having assessed the competency level of the HCA on the ward, I delegated the tasks of keeping Mr. Bs environment clean and regularly turning him to air his back to the HCA. The HCA had been previously supervised for this task and had been assessed as competent to perform it satisfactorily. Conclusion To achieve the required improvements which accompany patient empowerment that the NHS strives for, there must be a change from the current culture where the nurse sees the client as a patient (Nyatanga and Dann 2002) towards seeing clients as part and parcel of the decision making in their care delivery. Quality will be improved when patient empowerment/voice in patient care is active, client engagement is on a regular basis, and nurses are more patient in hearing patients out and in attending to patient calls. Patient safety issues including the security of the patient, proper risk assessment, maintaining cleanliness of his environment and regular visits should be the norm

Dealing with a Disability in the Hospitality Industry

Dealing with Disability This report concentrates on the effects of dealing with a disability in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry. There are many ways how disabled people can be affected in this area such as discrimination in employment, discrimination in being the customer, false advertisement and lack of support and facilities in the business. Whether it’s a mental disability such as dyslexic or a physical disability such as partially-sighted it can have an effect on both.For many in the tourism and hospitality world disabled people means wheelchair users, it's worth pointing out that the Disability Rights Commission estimates that wheelchair users represent less than five per cent of disabled people (about 450,000). The industry should also be aware that disability includes facial disfigurement, those who have allergies and the estimated one in seven people who have a mental health problem each year. Statics show: Current estimates suggest that there are over nine millio n disabled people in the UK, some 15% of the population or to more than the combined populations of Scotland and Wales. Associated essay: Relationship Between Tourism and HospitalityThis figure includes 6. 5 million people of working age who have a current long-term disability or health problem, 8. 7 million people who are deaf or hard of hearing, an estimated 1. 8 million blind or partially-sighted people, 18,000 people who are regular Braille users and 400,000 people who have a learning disability. In one sense, the tourism and hospitality sectors are already catering for customers with a wide variety of disabilities but they often do this unwittingly, given the fact that many disabilities are not immediately obvious.There are many famous people that suffer with some sort of disability such as Ludwig Van Beethoven that suffers from deafness. Beethoven is widely regarded as one of the greatest composers in history. Christy Brown an Irish Author, Painter and Poet is another famous disabled person. He was disabled by cerebral palsy and was incapable for years of deliberate movement or speech. Many disa bled people don’t have as much confidence as a non-disabled people and this is where they forget about famous people who made it very far in life.Many disabled people find it hard to find the right accommodation to suit their needs and find an accommodation with the right facilities for them. Many examples of the right facilities could include wheelchair ramps, wheelchair accessibility in the hotels public area (e. g. swimming pool and dining area), verbal announcements on the elevator, Handrails in bathrooms and width of doors etc. Some businesses in the hospitality industry that are lacking in this lose guests/customers without even noticing.False advertisement is also used here for example when hotels state that they have disabled or limited mobility facilities in brochures and online but they actually don’t have these facilities in the hotel. ‘DisabledGo’ is an award-winning disability organisation that provides online access guides. Its website is des igned to help disabled people find what they are looking for e. g. hotels, restaurants, cinemas, tourist attractions and many more. Sites like these can be a great help. Bibliography: http://listverse. com/2010/01/18/top-10-extraordinary-people-with-disabilities/ http://www. disabledgo. com/

Linear Model of Communication Essay

It is a one way model to communicate with others. It consists of the sender encoding a message and channeling it to the receiver in the presence of noise. Draw backs – the linear model assumes that there is a clear cut beginning and end to communication. It also displays no feedback from the receiver. †¢ For example; a letter, email, text message, lecture. There are two main linear model which are used to explain the human communication process. They are †¦ †¦ †¦ †¢ Shannon and Weaver Model (1949) The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise. The noise could also mean the absence of signal. †¢ Berlo’s SMCR Model (1960) In 1960, David Berlo expanded on Shannon and Weaver’s linear model of communication and created the SMCR Model of Communication. The Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of communication separated the model into clear parts and has been expanded upon by other scholars. Shannon – Weaver Model Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916- February 24,2001) was an American mathematician, electronic engineer and cryptographer.He is known as â€Å"the father of information theory†. He was a student of Michigan University. He was a graduate in both engineering and mathematics. He worked in Bell laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Advanced Studies.He got IEEE Medal of Honor, Kyoto Prize, Harvey Prize awards. [pic] Warren Weaver (July 17, 1894- Nov 24, 1978) was an American Scientist, Mathematician and Science administrator.He is widely recognized as one of the pioneers of machine translator and as important figure in creating support for science in US. He was a student of University of Wisconsin- Madison. Introduction: Shannon- Weaver model is mother of all model in communication. The theory based on how a concept goes to a place from another. It is also known as mathematical theory of communication. Shannon published â€Å"A Mathematical Theory of Communication† article in two parts in the July and October numbers of the â€Å"Bell System Technical Journal† in 1949. The book co-authored with Weaver â€Å"The Mathematical Theory of Communication† reprints Shannon’s article. Later Weaver explained the model and popularized it. Formula: C = W log2(1+S/N) where, C – Channel capacity W – Bandwith S – Signal level N – Noise power This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between sender and receiver. Also they find factors which affecting the communication process called â€Å"Noise†. At first the model was developed to improve the Technical communication. Later it’s widely applied in the field of Communication. Communication model: The process of Shannon- Weaver model is as below †¦ †¦ †¦ [pic]Some key points of this model are given below †¦ †¦ †¦ †¢ Information source chooses desired message among a set of possible messages which can be mixture of any form of written or spoken, image or sound. †¢ Transmitter changes the message into the signal, also known as encoder. †¢ Message is the thing which is sent and received and all communication is about. †¢ Channel is the path that message passes through from the transmitter to the receiver. †¢ Receiver is the reverse transmitter which changes the signal back into the message, also known as decoder. †¢ Destination is the target place of the transmitted message. †¢ Noise is any unwanted additions to the transmitted signal which cause distortion or error in transmission. [pic] Shannon Weaver model of communication Requirments: There are eight (08) requirments of Shannon- Weaver model. They are †¦ †¦ †¦ †¢ Source †¢ Encoder †¢ Message †¢ Channel †¢ Decoder †¢ Reciever †¢ Noise †¢ Feedback Example: Mr. Khan made call to his assistant â€Å"come here I want to see you†. During his call, noise appeared (transmission error) and his assistant received â€Å"I want† only. Again Assistant asked Thomson (feedback) â€Å"what do you want Mr. Khan?†. Sender : Mr. Khan Encoder : Telephone (Mr. Khan) Channel : Cable Noise : Distraction in voice Reception : Telephone (Assistant) Receiver : Assistant. Due to transmission error or noise, Assistant can’t able to understand Thomson’s messages. Criticism: There are also criticism of Shannon- Weaver model. †¢ One of the simplest model and its general applied in various communication theories. †¢ The model which attracts both academics of Human communication and Information theorist to leads their further research in communication. †¢ It’s more effective in person-to-person communication than group or mass audience. †¢ The model based on â€Å"Sender and Receiver†. Here sender plays the primary role and receiver plays the secondary role (receive the information or passive). †¢ Communication is not a one way process. If it’s behaved like that, it will lose its strength. For example: Audience or receiver who listening a radio, reading the books or watching television is a one way communication because absence of feedback. †¢ Understanding Noise will helps to solve the various problems in communication. Conclusion: Basically Shannon made this model not for the human communication. Rather he conceived the mediated communication, to be explicit the very phony conversation. Later human communication scholars began to use it to explain the unmediated human communication, as it is very simple and not far away. Berlo’s SMCR Model [pic] Dr. David K. Berlo (1929- 1996) was an American communication experts. He is called as â€Å"the father of modern mass communication†. Dr. Berlo explained his model as an expansion of Shannon- Weaver model in 1960 in his book â€Å"The Process of Communication†. He was a professor of department of communication, Michigan State University (MSU). Introduction: The model of David Berlo is known as â€Å"Berlo’s SMCR model†. The meaning of SMCR is †¦ †¦ †¦ Source Message Channel Reciever Communication Model: [pic] Elements of communication S – Source The source in other words also called the sender is the one from whom the thought originates. He is the one who transfers the information to the receiver after carefully putting his thoughts into words. It is done with the help of †¦ †¦ †¦ ââ€" ª Communication Skills ââ€" ª Attitude ââ€" ª Knowledge ââ€" ª Social System ââ€" ª Culture M – Message When an individual converts his thoughts into words, a message is created. The process is also called as Encoding. Any message further comprises of the following elements: ââ€" ª Content ââ€" ª Element ââ€" ª Treatment ââ€" ª Structure ââ€" ª Code C – Channel Channel actually refers to the medium how the information flows from the sender to the receiver. Some are †¦ †¦ †¦ †¢ Hearing. †¢ Tasting. †¢ Seeing. †¢ Smelling. †¢ Touching. All the five senses are the channels which help human beings to communicate with each other. R – Receiver When the message reaches the receiver, he tries to understand what the listener actually wants to convey and then responds accordingly. This is also called as decoding. The receiver should be on the same platform as the speaker for smooth flow of information and better understanding of the message. He should possess good communication skills to understand what the speaker is trying to convey. He should have the right attitude to understand the message in a positive way. His knowledge should also be at par with the listener and must know about the subject. He should also be from the same social and cultural background just like the speaker. [pic] Example of SMCR model Weak Point: †¢ No feedback †¢ More unilinear Strong Point: †¢ Save money †¢ Save time †¢ Easy to pass †¢ Repeatation †¢ Replication Conclusion: Though there is no feedback but Berlo’s SMCR model has a in development communication.

DJ vs Roadman essays

DJ vs Roadman essays Trance is usually achieved at communal rituals, with plenty of loud music and dancing. The specifics-the costumes, music, and dance-vary from culture to culture, but the pattern underneath is identical: loud music and vigorous dancing lead to a state of over stimulation that can produce a form of egolessness that is the ground for any sacred exploration. Mickey Hart (Hart, 119) Two types of music cultures today use community, music, and drugs to achieve a state of trance that aids them in spiritual exploration. These two groups are the newly formed electronic music rave scene of Europe and the United States and the 7000 year-old tradition of peyote ceremonies still practiced by members of the Native American Church. Each culture has very different music and settings for this exploration, but they have similar ideologies for a better life and planet. Raves are all night parties where people dance to electronic music. The main ingredients are loud music, light shows, selected narcotics, and people (called Ravers). Ravers have an ideology about Peace, Love, Unity and Respect (PLUR), for the raver, that all night party is an escape from what her society wants her to be; material-oriented, financially successful, a consumer, an a work-aholic. Ravers feel deeply connected to all the people dancing around them and revert to a time when play was the most important thing in their lives. In essence, ravers feel that they are living rather than merely surviving (Estiens). Raves began appearing in Manchester, England and Ibiza (popular English vacation spots) in 1987 and 1988. At the same time, the same type of parties appeared in Germany, specifically Berlin. Soon thereafter, the rave phenomenon was attracting thousands of kids, aged between 16 and late twenties. It also attracted the attention of DJs from the United States. The energy that fueled these parties was so great that American DJs wanted to introduce it to the US, an...

Innocence is Simplicity

Innocence is Simplicity Free Online Research Papers Innocence is simplicity; the absence of guile or cunning; naivete. All the children come to the island with a sense of harmlessness. In Lord of the Flies William Golding reveals how innocence can be lost when hidden emotions lead to destructive accidents. Unfamiliar emotions can slowly alter a person’s conscience. For example, when the boys hunted â€Å"they understood only too well the liberation into savagery that the concealing paint brought.†(159) This shows that they are using paint to hide who they really are. This shows that even their emotions may have been camouflaged. In addition, when Sam and Eric saw the â€Å"beast† they become motionless gripped in each other’s arms, four unwinking eyes†¦This shows that fear is overwhelming them causing them to do whatever is necessary to survive. This shows that raw fear is slowly leaching their dignity. When fear overpowers it conceals the emotions that promote civilized actions. In the absence of trust, society deteriorates. For example, one member, Roger, destroys in one move not only Piggy but also the conch. This shows that the conscience Roger had is corrupted. This shows that any future trust placed in Roger would be ignorant. In addition, Sam and Eric told Jack where Ralph was hiding. This shows that the two Ralph should have been able to trust would rather betray him to gain Jack’s trust. This shows that the approval of the current leader is more important than fighting for a hopeless cause. Without rules for those who need them, betrayal is inevitable and society collapses. In the attendance of simple loyalty to another a relationship is continually rejuvenated. Basically, if you can keep someone’s trust, your relationship with that person grows stronger each and every day. Trust is a hard characteristic to find in a person. When trust is lost between two people, that society can soon crumble. Trust is a very delicate thing. But if you use it right, it can make all the difference in the world. Research Papers on Innocence is SimplicityArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Honest Iagos Truth through DeceptionEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Hockey GameHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay

How to Fake a Puffin Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How to Fake a Puffin Society - Essay Example There does not seem to be any underlying arguments about the politics of the environment or anything like that – the author spends almost the entire time describing the process that had to be undertaken to return Puffins to a colony, including using fake birds and â€Å"recorded bird calls† to get tarns, a bird that would replace another bird that threatened the puffin population (Nijhuis 3). The time devoted to describing this and other scientific processes that the professor had to do over the years shows that the author really is just trying to tell an interesting, informative story. The author does not seem to have a very small or specific audience in mind. The author does not seem to think that the reader will be any kind of experts in the field, because she takes great efforts to make sure that the reader, even if they do not already know anything about Puffins, will understand. Also, the author explains things that someone with any kind of academic or practical k nowledge of puffins would already know, things like the way they relate to each other, how they mate and so on. The language is not very advanced, without any specific technical words. This seems to show that the author wants to write for a very general audience, they want anyone who happens to pick up this article to be able to read it and have a good time. Other than that there is very little to show that the author intends a specific audience: they do not seem concerned about age, gender, education, or any of the other things that people usually use to target an audience. The author writes for a very broad group. The author’s persona is very closely tied to the audience. This author wants to write in a way that makes readers interested and want to connect with what she is saying. In this, the author’s persona comes across as being very relaxed, but engaged. She seems to find all of the information that she is passing on to the reader valuable and genuinely interesti ng, diving into the smallest details. The persona also comes across with a great deal of curiosity and a little bit of authority. It seems like the persona knew nothing about this topic before looking into it, but has now discovered a great deal of information and wants to share that information with the reader. This means that the persona comes across as having real authority to speak on the topic but also puts the reader very far from being too knowledgeable – the persona does not at all speak down to the reader, but rather shares the exploration with him or her. There are several methods used in this piece. The first appeals to authority. Most of this paper is structured as the things that the author had learned from the main scientist she investigated, and so many of her reports stem from his authority. The article also uses a cause-effect structure because it tries to demonstrate how certain actions in helping a puffin colony develop actually allowed the colony to develo p. The article has almost no statistics but is very descriptive of the processes undertaken. The appeals used in this article vary. On the one hand, there seem to be a lot of emotional appeals. The article begins by talking about how â€Å"First things first: Puffins are adorable† (Nijhuis 1).

Sociology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sociology - Assignment Example Nevertheless, it is perhaps obvious that basic issues generate similarly basic challenges, including criminology. The facts on crime persist to bother existing theories. As stated by Birkbeck & Lafree (1993), this is particularly the scenario for theories that have founded their assumptions on the prevailing lineage of established sociological knowledge. Everyone thinks that poverty is the root of criminal behaviour it appears, and this is because the facts demonstrate it (Ruggiero et al. 1998); despite of the growth in crime rates during stages of economic development, spates of violence in affluent nations such as the United Kingdom, the unstable correlation of deviant behaviour with social class materialist theory remains obviously inadequate (Ruggiero et al. 1998). However, it is not only materialist theory that falls short. Majority of criminological theory is stagnant and hampered by an emphasis on supposedly rigid descriptive categories, thus failing to take account of the mec hanisms and processes resulting in criminal behaviour (Taylor, Walton & Young 1988). The major aspect of crime that we are not aware of, basically, involves its causal social dynamics. For instance, the high crime rates among different social groups, such as African Americans, have been noted (Carrabine et al. 2004). A main issue frequently raised by criminologists, sociologists, and other scholars is the effect of the response of the criminal justice system on the differences in crime rates among different social groups (Cree 2000). A number of sociologists propose that discrimination in the criminal justice system serve only a small function in the high crime rate of social groups (Cree 2000). Others argue that racism and prejudice contributes significantly to the uneven participation of social groups, particularly the lower class, in the criminal justice system (Flowers 1990). The issue of differential law enforcement often begins with the police, normally the forefront of the sy stem of criminal justice social group members come into contact with (Jackson 1989). Consequently, it is at this point that the nature of such participation and its effects is most important to the individual of marginal position. This paper will discuss the definitions of crime and deviance given by different sociological theorists, particularly Durkheim, Merton, Marx, and interactionist and subcultural theorists. Research evidence and sociological theories pertaining to the assumption that differences in crime rates between social groups are the result of the ways in which the criminal justice system operates will be discussed. Sociological Definitions of Crime and Deviance The concepts of crime and deviance are essentially sociological. They are socially constructed. However, even though there is a great deal of agreement, what is considered as crime and deviance differs across people, place, and time (Ruggiero et al. 1998). For Emile Durkheim, crime is a ‘social factâ€⠄¢, or, in other words, ‘normal’ (Carrabine et al. 2004). Basically, according to Durkheim, crime is a universal phenomenon. It took place in all kinds of society, and in all historical periods (Carrabine et al. 2004). There was no indication that it was disintegrating (Flowers 1990). It should hence be recognised as a normal feature of society which could